Author Archives: japansociology

The Sociological Aspect of a World Economy: Booms and Busts

Posted on by

by Samuel Slaten

Now more than ever our world is seeing an increasingly globalized economy that is connecting nations economically and socially. Many countries view this a lucrative time for expansion and development, while others see it as an undesired nuisance that is stripping them of their own culture. To gain a better understanding of this we are going to examine both of these outlooks and their effect on migrants and local peoples.

Before we can gain understanding of the varying views we must first look at the factor that gives birth to these issues; global cities and international companies. Multinational companies are becoming more and more essential to the job seekers every year and they can be found in most areas of the world regardless of country origin. This is bridging cultures together in ways never seen before. The top 500 companies worldwide originated in 37 different countries with the top 50 of those companies employing upwards of 235 million people (migrants and locals) combined (Rapp). Over the past decade we have witnessed a shift in the location of these companies moving from western countries to the east. North America has seen a drop from 215 leading companies to 146, whereas Asia has seen a rise 116 companies to 172 (Global). With this shift we have seen different cultures spread to many other countries via the initial workforce transferred, investments, and global cities. In this time of transition the world has also witnessed the greatest economical disaster since the world wide depression during the 1930’s. This has pushed the spreading and influence of companies even faster in-order to stay afloat in these turbulent times. This has in turn pushed the speed at which global cities are formed and, as a side-effect, is mixing cultures together faster than they can naturally adapt. Due to this varying views and opinions have been formed dealing with the wave of migrant workers following the corporate transition across the globe.

Next, we will examine one of these previously mentioned views; the boom. The boom is the period of time a global city or area is being formed and when the initial excitement and mixing of cultures occur. Change comes fast to these cities as exemplified in Bangalore India. The city has the highest growth rate in India and the companies that has transferred there have seen at least a 40% growth in the last couple of years alone (Goldman, and Longhofer). Following the companies are various investors and real estate firms, building the malls, roads, airports, new railways, and complexes that transform the cities. To the new migrant works this is a time of exciting change and of exploration. A time when they adapt to a new culture and help create a new one. We are also seeing the possibility of a cyclical effect being formed. Now we are seeing corporations in countries that have traditionally been the receivers of attention from international companies, due to various factors, begin to look to the previous corporate hotspots and begin focusing on their undeveloped areas as potential locations for expansion and growth (Goldman, and Longhofer). This brings up the possibility of, in the future, seeing the cultures that have been exploited begin to shift their cultural aspects to the previous cultural dominate nations where the same problems facing them now begin to appear in the “old” dominate nations. This can already been seen in Europe where a wave of immigration has steadily been in progress for the past decade. Many European countries are raising the same concerns that can be found in Bangalore. They are having an identity crisis and claim that the cultural aspect of their cities and countries are changing politically and socially due to this new immigration wave (Erlanger). Whereas these new citizens and workers are experiencing the boom aspect of this global city phenomenon.

This leads into the next view that exemplifies this cyclical effect and the issues in both “old” and “new” global cities; the bust. The local peoples of cities like Bangalore or in the various concerned nations in Europe are forced to adapt to these new and fast changes and at times they feel like their way of life is being threatened. Their culture is changing as more and more cultures mesh together and values are morphing. Along with this change of culture comes a change in scenery. Many locals re forced to move from their family land to accommodate the new rising industries and infrastructure. This can be seen by the concern of the locals in Bangalore; at one point of 90 thousand concerned citizens marched through the streets protesting the destruction of original buildings and beatifications in order to build the various new infrastructures (Goldman, and Longhofer). This can also be observed in the concerns of Europe where they claim their communities are socially changing from what they are used to and they blame crime and other problems on these observations (Erlanger). This occurs even if no justification for their allegations can be found. This is an issue because it further separates communities and leads to racial and ethnic prejudice. Along with these concerns there is also the problem of the rising number of slums and poor living conditions being forced upon low income locals. Its estimated that in Bangalore anywhere from 25 percent to 45 percent of its original population are living in slum like conditions (Goldman, and Longhofer). Thus, though there is boom in international recognition and investment there is also a bust socially as thousands are forced to move against their will and prejudice is rising. Until these global cities begin to address these issues the gap between the finical classes, living conditions, and ideologies will only continue to grow.

Bibliography

Erlanger, Steven. “Amid Rise of Multiculturalism, Dutch Confront Their Questions of Identity.” New York Times. 13 2011: n. page. Web. 21 Oct. 2012.<http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/world/europe/14dutch.html?pagewanted=all&gt;.

Global 500. 2012. cnn.comWeb. 21 Oct 2012. <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/performers/companies/biggest/&gt;.

Goldman, Michael, and Wesley Longhofer. n. page. Print.

Rapp, Nicolas. A New Perspective of the Corporate World. 2012. cnn.com. Web. 21 Oct 2012. <http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2012/global-company-growth/iid=smlrr>.

The responsibility for the developed country and the issues with developing country

Posted on by

by Mao Shibata

Many poor cities that distributed before have been changing greatly and they become global cities as well as New York, London, and Tokyo. According to Goldman and Longhofer, (2009, p33) “global or world citied are now believed to be key sites from which the global economy will derive its ingenuity and energy.” Although making global cities yield some profits, they also cause some serious problems for residents. In this report, I’d like to indicate what the issues of making global cities are and offer a direction to solve these issues.

Poor cities have grown into world cities rapidly since 1980s. As a result, it brings unequal society in many respects. For example, the infrastructure building promotes around the capital, while the rural area gets left behind in the urbanization and people depart from the countryside and overpopulate surrounding the metropolis so that the population density different from region to reason extremely. Moreover, rapidly economic growth causes acceleration in the inflation rate. In this goods inflation, people who earn enough money can afford to buy whatever they want, while people who have low income face in financial trouble. Accordingly, these differences widen the gap between the rich and the poor more and more. Due to a considerable gap between urbanized and deurbanized region in the global cities, it leads to social inequality.

As two authors said, world cities are key sites for the global economy and finance so that many companies in developed countries move into developing cities to produce more profits. It encourages growth of developing countries, on the other hand, it also endanger the residents’ daily life. First, because of increased urbanization, residents are seized their land. The residents especially farmers and the poor are deprived of their property to found airport, hotels, and recreation amenities for the rich or people in developed countries. They get kicked out of their land and force to live in informal place. Second, the poor’s lives become victim to meet the demand of developed countries. Since the supply of water and electric power that essential for people’s life has a chronic shortage and the infrastructure equipment is inadequacy, it leads to diarrhea and waterborne diseases. They are deprived of the right to live in safely and spend their lives with anxiety.

It is true that global cities are central importance in the world and they contribute to world economy, however, we merely focus on benefits of the global cities and put out these issues from our mind. We must know that there is unequal society and only so many people who live in metropolis or developed countries can reap a benefit while the poor suffer from their lives in countryside. We need to pay attention to country people’s live hoods and environment and we need to think about how to bring the unequal society back into balance.

Reference

Goldman, M. and Longhofer, W. (2009).”Making world cities.”Retrieved Oct. 21, 2012, from http://v1.lore.com/a#ir-ca201.moorehead-1

Globalization and Transnationalism

Posted on by

by Mayu Shibata

As the globalization goes on, we can no longer consider things only at a level of ‘nation’. Now transnational relations and transnational organizations are required more and more. A notion of transnationalism started in 1960s and I think growing corporations were the booster of it. Corporations have been opening its doors to the world like moving its factories overseas and changing its target from domestic market to the world. These corporations are called transnational corporations (TNC) and they have advanced more and more globalization as they grew up. However, transnational corporations generated several new issues related to its globally opened attitude. One of them is the migration problem. Thanks to technology, it’s a lot easier to know things across borders and it’s also easy to get in touch with people in another country. Migrants usually tend to move to where they have ties and there are many ways which they can possibly have ties to other countries through technology like the Internet. I think these ties to other countries are not always official ones like their ancestors come from the country but also newly made up ones in many ways. So there are so many ways and possibilities people have an idea of migration to another country. They can get news of a country which they have ties to through the Internet and TVs in their homeland and they can get enough information about the country to assess if they can be alright over there in migrating.

A popular country for migrants like U.S. has often has big corporations which will offer recruitment for both skilled and non-skilled people in ‘suitable’ positions. The positions they will engage in affect their wages but even for the non-skilled people with lower wages it’s believed to be better than their homeland’s and that’s why most of them move to another country as migrants. For the skilled people corporations will offer them a higher position according to their skills so that there are more job opportunities and dreams for those people and that’s why those people choose to leave their homeland, where they will have no difficulty to find a job, and move to another country.

I think migration always comes with some kind of hardship even though you’re a friendly and flexible person. Only one year of studying abroad is sometimes hard. It’s not easy to live in and adapt to the host country. It doesn’t matter how strong tie you may have to the country as long as you have the background of growing up in your homeland. However, migrants seek various opportunities that they won’t find in their homelands to another country and transnational corporations have a big role as an adopter of migrants. They don’t really care about workers’ nationality in both a good and bad way. Anyway, one thing for sure is that transnational corporations are open to the world and I think it might be interesting to see the migration problem from the view point of transnational corporations as a booster.

Insecure Lives of International Emigrants

Posted on by

by Anonymous

Today, it is estimated that the number of international emigrants come to be over 200 million in the whole world (Facts&Figures), and this number is more than the population of Brazil that has fifth biggest population in all over the world. The reasons why people have moved from country to country are various, economic problems, political problems, looking for jobs and as refugees. Especially America has the largest number of migrants and sometimes it brings conflicts and discrimination due to prejudice or differences.

There is an example, the discrimination because of prejudice against Arab immigrants, especially after the 9.11 attacks. According to “Arab Americans continue to Face Discrimination” by Abdus Sattat Ghazali, there were over 700 reports that the violent incidents against Arab Americans in the weeks after the terrorist attack in 2001. Even between 2003 and 2007, 120 to 130 reports of some kinds of attacks or discrimination have been reported (Ghazali, 2008), so we can imagine it is continuing still now. Actually, the terrorist attacks was said that occurred by Al-Qaeda the group of Islamic extremists, but it could not have been the reason for the attack against ordinary Arab Americans. After the 9.11 attacks, Arab Americans came to receive strict passport control at airport, lose jobs, lose friends and be the victim of the bully at school. Suddenly, they lost their calm life and were considered as criminals or target for hatred. What this example shows is that the lives of international emigrants tend to be influenced by the relationship between host country and the other. It means the state of emigrant is so insecure because the surrounding is always changing, and we cannot know what will happen tomorrow.

We can also see the insecurity at today’s Japanese emigrants in China. Historically, we had have border problem among China, and after Japanese government tried to buy the Senkaku Island recently, Chinese who were against it began to attack Japanese by attacking Japanese company, no-buying movement against Japanese products or violent incidents. Wherever they live, emigrants may not be able to have absolute security, because international circumstance has possibility to change suddenly. Once something inflames a nation’s emotions, the emigrants there will be convenient targets. Thus, discrimination or prejudices against emigrants are continuing still now, and it is hard to wipe away these kinds of feelings. However, if we can see a person as just a person, not as a member of specific groups, races, nationalities, languages and religion, we might be overcome it.

Citation

Facts&Figures. (n.d.). Retrieved Oct 17, 2012, from International Organization for Migration: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/about-migration/facts-and-figures/lang/en

Federative Republic of Brazil. (2012, Mar). Retrieved Oct 17, 2012, from Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/brazil/data.html

Ghazali, A. S. (2008, Dec 5). Arab Americans Continue to Face Discrimination. Retrieved Oct 20, 2012, from OpEdNews: http://www.opednews.com/articles/Arab-Americans-continue-to-by-Abdus-Sattar-Ghaza-081205-935.html

Bright Side of Global Cities

Posted on by

by Misato Okumura

Today, more and more global cities are created in developing countries. The big firms in developed countries come to there to open their new business with cheaper costs and the governments there improve infrastructure and build nice facilities to welcome them. The reconstruction of developing countries kicks out local people who used to live there before the firms coming and also it makes the difference between rich people and poor bigger. The government in developing countries ignores their citizens to get business opportunity to develop their countries. But does it have only bad effects to their citizens? Their inviting the big firms to their countries has some advantages for their citizens too. I’ll show the 3 biggest points to support my opinion.

First, staying in developing countries will bring the workers in developed countries new discoveries. We, developed countries know a lot of things about other developed countries because we have had trading connection for a long time. But maybe it will be first time for the workers to stay in the countries for that long and they will find what attractive culture is there and introduce it to the world. This is good for the developing countries because the world may start looking at their country and if so, the government needs to start working on the structure of the society such as rich-poor balance. Moreover having the big firms brings a lot of profitability to their country and they can use it for their social security system. The difference between rich and poor is one of the biggest issues in developing countries. It will be better if they invite the big firms.

Second, global cities produce employment. This is not only because construction of global cities and improving infrastructure will produce a lot of employment but also the workers in developing countries need a connection with local people to run their business there. They need to work with an interpreter and sometimes a cultural instructor so they will get global connections from each others. This will be good opportunity for both of them to learn other culture in this globalizing world. And if they got an opportunity of cultural exchange at local level, it will work great for understanding their each culture and ethnicity.

Third, if the government makes a rule in which the firms need to share their technology and skills with the workers in the host countries, it will help their country develop. This is what China actually does in their special economy district. I think this can avoid “drain brain” and helps produce skilled local workers.

In conclusion, I think these 3 points are good side of global cities.

Why does the gap between poor immigrants and rich immigrants exist?

Posted on by

by Ayana Nishizaki

Last week, in my post about ‘International Immigration’, I was wondering why poor immigrants stay poor while the rich get richer. Though my study, the causes are different ones than I expected. There are two main reasons: educational opportunity, and inefficient use of human capitals. I would like to discuss these reasons in terms of ‘illegal Hispanic immigrants’.

Immigrants of America are divided into two groups: legal immigrants who can speak English and illegal immigrants who can’t speak English well. Recently, increasing the number of illegal Hispanic immigrants is one of the big problems. They try to stay longer after the tourist VISA expired because it takes long time and much money to get the right of permanent residence.

The first reason of the gap is their education. According to one reading, Gross Enrollment Ratio of Hispanic is 57％ while that of American is 80％. Most illegal immigrants don’t have enough money to take educational opportunity. Therefore, they have no choice to get low income jobs. On the other hand, educational cost of the high quality school is getting higher. It means only the rich can get high quality education and tend to get high income jobs. Therefore, the gap is still not getting close.

As the second reason, human capitals of immigrants are not used effectively and correctly. Recently, new immigrants are more highly educated than old immigrants because the number of immigrants who graduated from universities is increasing. However, immigrants are still faced with a difficulty to get acceptation of a job they want. The problem comes up when immigrants enter host country and show their qualification and ability to employers. These qualifications that they got in home country are not necessarily useful in host country. Even if these qualifications of home countries are similar to those of host countries, their ability of communication, language knowledge, and adopting culture are different from those of natives. There is a fact that there are many opportunities to get jobs like house keeper and restaurant server. However, when it comes to more high-skill-required jobs such as IT manager, it seems more difficult for immigrants than natives. Therefore, some high educated Hispanic immigrants have no choice to work what they really don’t want because of unpractical use of their ability.

From this study, I realized that the problem of the gap is caused by less education opportunity and inefficient use of human capitals. I though the main reason was merely their poor economic situation. However, even if some immigrants achieved high academic ability, they can’t get jobs they really want. In my view, that point (how difficult it is for immigrants to get acceptation from employer in terms of language skills, ability of adaptation) is one of the barriers when they assimilate. Therefore, as one of the solutions, I think government should clarify what kind of skills and ability in each jobs is exactly necessary in host country and inform immigrants of the clear criteria. By doing so, immigrants can make their life plan (such as which skills is necessary to get in advance) to reach their goal and also employer can easily measure and their ability and communicate with them.

The problem Japanese Brazilians face when going back “home”

Posted on by

by Chie Munemori

Today a great number of immigrants are living with us in Japan. Each of them has various types of reasons for leaving their home countries and migrating to Japan. In the case of Japanese Brazilians whose ancestors are Japanese who migrated from Japan to Brazil in the past hundred years, they immigrated back to Japan because of financial disaster which happened in the late 1980’s. They wish to get good job and send remittance to families in Brazil, and some of them even decide to settle down in Japan for rest of their lives. In fact, in spite of their dreams, the present situation surrounding them in Japan is against their wills. The circumstances are difficult for them in the extreme. Below I present some of those problems they face and also potential resolutions of them.

One is that most of Japanese Brazilians have citizenships of Brazil and they are already not familiar with the culture, customs, and social system of Japan. It means that many of them tend to have difficulties with their daily lives right after coming to Japan. For example, in my hometown Hiroshima, many Japanese Brazilians are there and one of my friends in my schooldays is also the one. She and her family did not understand even easy sentences written or spoken in Japanese so that they always had to ask their neighborhoods problems such as how to throw out garbage and to pass of a circular in their area. Response to this situation, some mayoral governments and local communities have started providing them with free support services such as Japanese school, offices to look for a job and to rent a house, desks to teach them how to pay taxes, and so on. Komatsu city in Ishikawa prefecture is the one of those local governments.

Secondary, Japanese compulsory education system does not include foreign children as its target because the Constitution of Japan in Article 14 says “All people shall have the right to receive an equal education correspondent to their ability, as provided by law” but Japanese Brazilians are not included in “all people”. In other words, in this article “all people” means people who have Japanese citizenship. That’s why public elementary schools in Japan do not have proper curriculum of Japanese for children who are not Japanese in it. And worse is that some of young Japanese Brazilian students in elementary school are ill-treated by classmates since they do not understand Japanese. In such cases, those students become not to go to school because of that. To result these problems, administration need to modify its educational system to give them chance to learn Japanese in public school as their human rights. Additionally, teachers in school need to teach students cross-cultural understanding between Japanese and those who have different cultural back grounds from them.

In conclusion, it is necessary to change our social system not only for Japanese Brazilian but also for us Japanese under the situation of decreasing birthrate and aging population. Japanese Brazilian is potential power in Japanese society. We have to reconsider their rights and life conditions.

Should Japan allow dual citizenship?

Posted on by

by Asako Morita

At the present day, Japanese government does not allow a person to have dual or multiple citizenships after the age of 22. The person who has it needs to choose one citizenship he or she wants to hold. Many European countries and Australia for example, allow dual citizenship since numbers of people immigrated there. Along the globalization, it is more convenient and easier for us to live another country. Global economy is now expanding all over the world and flow of people is more active. Although Japan is a nearly homogeneous country, more and more people are facing difficult choice.  In this short essay, I would like to argue why Japan needs to allow dual citizenship at the view of rights of residents and making ties to global society.

First, if the person who already holds dual citizenship and has lived or has ties to Japan, they should have rights as a citizen. Becoming the citizenship means citizens have rights which people usually regard them as perfectly normal. The disqualification of becoming public workers and election rights are unfair to the person who lives in Japan for a long time and pay a tax as almost same as “Japanese”. They may want to become Japanese citizens but also they still do not want to give up on their other nationality of their roots. It is not they do not like Japan but the choice of their identity is an extreme to them. The Japanese politicians concern that admitting dual citizenship leads to undermine national loyalty. However, people who live in Japan for a long time or related to Japan must have feeling for the nation somehow. Pessimistic fear of manipulation of the nationality takes valuable rights from a number of people.

Second, the advantages of admitting dual citizenship are remarkably large. Especially, the tie to people from other countries become strong and it enhances economic advantage. Many Japanese who are quite active and achieves successful outcome in other countries have to give up on Japanese nationality. Once they let the nationality go away, they hardly come back to Japan and the relation to Japan easily fade when generation passes. The case of Ireland, which admits dual citizenship, proves people who once left the country for immigration and succeeded in various fields lately came back and produces prosperous economic condition. I think in this global trend, Japan should be tolerant to dual citizenship so that Japanese business can easily recruit a talented person who have experienced in another countries. We should not forget many variable Japanese people who live all over the world.

Therefore, I believe Japan should admit dual citizenship. As globalization move advance and more and more flow of people are active, the advantages of admitting dual citizenship are getting bigger and conservative perspective takes rights of great number of people away. I think it is advisable for the Japanese future to admit dual citizenship for not losing more Japanese all over the world.

Does Japan need to accept more immigrants or not?

Posted on by

by Takumi Matsumoto

Today, our world is going to be globalized and the borders of country are vanishing little by little. Many people are traveling all over the world for business, sightseeing, or migration. In this situation, we are required to consider “How should Japan play an active part in international situation?” China overtook Japan as world’s second-biggest economy last year and we have been influenced by Europe’s debt crisis. In addition, we had the big earthquake on 11th march last year. Things in Japan are not good in terms of economy. In my opinion, Japan has to discuss about immigrants and immigration system in order to accept more immigrants. There are several reasons for that. But, we have to develop the plan slowly and carefully.

First reason why I recommend getting immigrants is countermeasure for aging society. Aging society is one of the most serious problems we have in Japan. Some researchers said that the population of elderly people will be one-third of total population in Japan. It means that young people are imposed great financial burden on the health care for elderly. The decline of young people accelerates to make the situation worse. So accepting immigrants brings the labor force and rises up the birthrate. Second reason is finances that they pay as taxes. If immigrants live in Japan, they have to pay taxes. Then government makes most of the money useful for health care or economic recovery.

However, there are difficulties at the same time. For example, many Japanese residences are not willing to accept immigrants partly because they are afraid of increasing criminal rate and a job shortage for Japanese people. According to one research, 48.5% of Japanese firmly refuse immigrants. 19.3% don’t want immigrants that much. 16.8% said that there is no choice but to accept immigrants. It means 74.6 % of Japanese have a hesitant idea for immigrants. Besides, Japan doesn’t have good enough immigration system. If we accept immigrants easily and carelessly, immigrants will get old and become a part of aging society, even though they give us great labor force in few decades.

In conclusion, Japan cannot make requirements for immigrants loosely now because of insufficient system or law for immigrants. But we finally have to accept immigrants in the future in order not only to make Japan better, but also to make futures of world better. We need to think about Japan and immigrants.

The Perception on Migration in This Endangered World

Posted on by

by Hiroki Matsukura

This world where we live is endangered. Why? This is because albeit through two destructive wars with cruel inhumanity, we, it seems, have not found where the monster of mass-destruction is hiding himself. However, in fact the monster has not perfectly hidden himself from our eyes. He showed his tail. The economic or monetary crisis in 2007 and its aftermath seen as the euro crisis in these days might be his ‘tickling.’ There is no longer need to say the detail about these crises, which shows that without any doubt this world got tied closely together through the market which is deregulated well by the policies of liberalism.

Free trade, reducing taxation, and deregulations… These liberal or neo-liberal ideas and systems, which are sometimes too extreme and too drastic, made our world smaller and more efficient (Balaam and Dillman 2011, pp.43-46). As the thoughts and the structures going, we grew up technologies, especially information technology. I can easily know what my friend on the back hemisphere doing now with handy devices. Not only that, we can fligh overseas quite easily and more inexpensively, compared with the just a few decades. We can express about ourselves as we live in the transnational way. However, in the aspects of international immigration, we cannot say we get such convenience on it. We can find some obstacles on living in other country, for example as workers. Of course, EU assures its citizens of the free immigration inside its territory though this must be one extreme exception (Nugent 2010, pp. 335-339).

Why do not states try to completely let the immigration free? From realistic view, the reason will be that the governments, which race their powers in this international society, cannot tolerate, for their respect on victories of relative gain, the flow of too much wealth from their states to others because of immigrants’ remittances (Balaam and Dillman 2011, p.57). Or it is difficult for them to accept living in transnational ways in the first place because it may lead to an outflow of resources such as people who are talented for keeping and raising states’ status and powers. In addition, the borders are one of the items which the governments more easily and more directly deal with compared to the market.

As one of other perspectives, which I would like to emphasise on this post, the reason might be that the free migration implies nothing but the diffusion of poverty at the same time of movement of wealth. On the theory of liberalism, free trade including labour and financial commodities finally makes benefits on society as such forms as elimination of poverty (Balaam and Dillman 2011, pp.33-38). However, we know what the theory led to through the crises. States got too much of deficits, banks and companies are pushed to the brink of bankruptcy. What we can imagine the free migration leads to is the loop of poverty. On the global level, people will start to search for jobs, or the places they sell their labours. That will make wages cheaper and cheaper. They continuing the process, the wealth will be monopolised by the really small limited group of people. We perhaps can say the realisation of free migration means more tangible way of man-made catastrophe than the finance, which cannot be seen as substance, did.

The monster seeks the chance of barking. Interdependence liberals vociferously asserting will turn into MAD, the mutually assured destruction. We should keep it in our minds that each of us has an invisible switch of mass-destructive weapon through global economics guaranteed by the extreme liberalisation. The weapon, Global Poverty, will globally kill people i.e. us. On the point of it, one of our last forts might be paralysing the completed liberalisation of migration at the present.

Bibliography

Balaam, D. N. and Dillman, B. 2011. Introduction to International Politics Economy. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.

Nugent, N. 2010. The Government and Politics of the European Union. 7th ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.